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  Cheng-Han Dynasty 成漢 (www.chinaknowledge.de)

  http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/rulers-chenghan.html

  The Cheng-Han dynasty 成漢 (304-347) ruled over one of the so-called Sixteen Barbarian States 五胡十六國 (300~430). It was founded by Li Te 李特 who belonged to the Cong 賨 tribe of the Di people 氐.

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  Huayang guo zhi 華陽國志 (www.chinaknowledge.de)

  http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Science/huayangguozhi.html

  Huayang guo zhi 華陽國志 is a history of Sichuan from the 4th century written by Chang Qu 常璩.

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  Huangjinshi 黃金史 (www.chinaknowledge.de)

  http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/huangjinshi.html

  Huangjinshi 黃金史 is a history of the early years of the Mongol empire.

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  Qiang 羌 (www.chinaknowledge.de)

  http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/qiang.html

  Qiang 羌 is the name of a people living in the western region of China, particularly the Gansu corridor, but in a wider sense also an ancient term for all pastoral nomads living in the west. This can be seen in the character 羌 that is composed of a sheep 羊…

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  Yan Hui 顏回, Yan Yuan 顏淵 or Ziyuan 子淵 (www.chinaknowledge.de)

  http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/personsyanhui.html

  Yan Hui 顏回, courtesy name Ziyuan 子淵, was Confucius' most beloved disciple.

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  Luoyang qielan ji 洛陽伽藍記 (www.chinaknowledge.de)

  http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Religion/luoyangqielanji.html

  Luoyang qielan ji 洛陽伽藍記 is a description of the capital city of Luoyang, especially of its Buddhist monasteries, from the Northern Wei period compiled by Yang Xuanzhi 楊衒之.

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  Yi 夷 (www.chinaknowledge.de)

  http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/yi.html

  Yi 夷 is an old general term for non-Chinese tribes especially in southern China, but sometimes also used as a common designation for barbarians (i. e., less cultivated peoples). Such a meaning can be seen in the names Zhuyi 諸夷 (the many Yi), Dongyi 東夷…

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  Rouran 柔然 (www.chinaknowledge.de)

  http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/rouran.html

  The Rourans 柔然 (sometimes translated as Avars) were a nomad people living in the northern steppe zone during the 5th and 6th centuries CE. They were believed to belong to the Eastern Hu 東胡 and to be related to the Xianbei 鮮卑. Some Chinese historians said…

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  Shatuo Türks 沙陀突厥 (www.chinaknowledge.de)

  http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/shatuo.html

  The Shatuo Türks 沙陀突厥 were a Türkish people that was part of the later Türkish khanate during the early Tang period. They were later driven to the east where they served the Tang dynasty as elite troops. Shatuo chieftains founded three of the Five…

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  Bohai 渤海 (www.chinaknowledge.de)

  http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/bohai.html

  Bohai 渤海 was a native state in the north of modern Manchuria (modern province of Heilongjiang). It flourished during 8th and 9th centuries and was a tributary state to the Tang empire (618-907) in China.

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