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  The Universal Silents: A Filmography of the Universal Motion Picture ... - Richard E. Braff - Google Books

  https://books.google.de/books?id=SX9ZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA186#v=onepage

  On June 8, 1912, Carl Laemmle of the Independent Motion Picture Company, Pat Powers of Powers Picture Company, Mark Dintenfass of Champion Films, and Bill Swanson of American Eclair, meeting in New York City, signed a contract to merge their studios. The…

• 

  The Universal Silents: A Filmography of the Universal Motion Picture ... - Richard E. Braff - Google Books

  https://books.google.de/books?id=SX9ZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA492#v=onepage

  On June 8, 1912, Carl Laemmle of the Independent Motion Picture Company, Pat Powers of Powers Picture Company, Mark Dintenfass of Champion Films, and Bill Swanson of American Eclair, meeting in New York City, signed a contract to merge their studios. The…

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