Making Borders in Modern East Asia: The Tumen River Demarcation, 1881–1919 - Nianshen Song - Google Books

https://books.google.de/books?id=dQFWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158&dq=Akiyama+Masanosuke&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL4f6sqd_dAhWCLFAKHSkwDCcQ6AE

Until the late nineteenth century, the Chinese-Korean Tumen River border was one of the oldest, and perhaps most stable, state boundaries in the world. Spurred by severe food scarcity following a succession of natural disasters, from the 1860s, countless…