Reading Clocks, Alla Turca: Time and Society in the Late Ottoman Empire - Avner Wishnitzer - Google Books

https://books.google.de/books?id=W5rMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32#v=onepage

Up until the end of the eighteenth century, the way Ottomans used their clocks conformed to the inner logic of their own temporal culture. However, this began to change rather dramatically during the nineteenth century, as the Ottoman Empire was…